Procedural programming's limitations led to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). OOP models real-world entities, combining data & behavior into objects with key concepts like Encapsulation & Abstraction.

Building on our previous blog on databases, this post explores Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) with Hibernate, simplifying database interactions in Java code.

Object-Oriented Databases (OODBs) were replaced by Object-Relational Databases due to limited adoption of OOP, SQL dependency, performance issues, and integration challenges.

Inversion of Control (IoC) revolutionized Java development by eliminating tightly coupled code & making it easier to write clean, modular code with Spring Framework's Dependency Injection (DI).